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RedFox Languages Oy, 2021

RedFox Content and Software, 2021

Wordnet, Princeton University, 2021

Finnwordnet, University of Helsinki, 2021

IATE European Union 2021 (EU's multilingual term base)

Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos, Fineli, 2021

Microsoft Terminology © 2021 (Multilingual IT glossary)

IEC Electropedia © 2021 - When use, referencing or citation of Electropedia for the purpose of identifying or clarifying the meaning of electrotechnical concepts, terms and symbols and their use in manuals, diagrams and equipment, notice that IEC is referenced as the source.

Finto - Finnish Thesaurus and Ontology Service, 2021

Allmän tesaurus på svenska (Åba Akademi), 2021

General Finnish thesaurus (Kansalliskirjasto), 2021

General Finnish ontology (Kansalliskirjasto, TSK), 2021

Julkishallinnon ontologia (Valtioneuvoston kanslia, Valtiokonttori, TSK), 2021

Finnish Ontology for Public Administration Services (Valtiovarainministeriö), 2021

Ontology for Education for Sustainable Development (Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö), 2021

Liiketoimintaontologia (Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö), 2021

Merenkulkualan ontologia (Liikennevirasto), 2021

Puolustushallinnon ontologia (Puolustusministeriö), 2021

TSR ontology (Työsuojelurahasto), 2021

Finnish Geospatial Domain Ontology (Maanmittauslaitos), 2021

Tieteentermipankki, 2021

Lihateknologit ry, 2019

Natural resource and environment ontology (TSK, Suomen ympäristökeskus, Luonnonvarakeskus), 2021

Finnish Names of Plants (Suomen biologian seura Vanamo; Aalto yliopiston SeCo-tutkimusryhmä), 2021

Ontology of bioinformatics (The Finnish Society for Bioinformatics), 2021

Medical Subject Headings (National Library of Medicine, USA), 2021

Finnish Ontology of Health and Welfare (THL), 2021

Kulttuurien tutkimuksen ontologia (SKS), 2021

Ontology for Museum Domain and Applied Arts (Kansalliskirjasto, TSK, Aalto yliopisto), 2021

Geoterms: Geologian tutkimuskeskus (GTK), 2021

IUGS Multilingual Thesaurus: IUGS, Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information, 2021

Finnish Music Thesaurus (Kansalliskirjasto), 2021

Ontology for Music (Kansalliskirjasto), 2021

The Finnish Ontology of Photography (Valokuvataiteen museo), 2021

Kirjallisuudentutkimuksen ontologia (Kansalliskirjasto, SKS, TSK), 2021

Kielitieteen ontologia (Kotus), 2021

Lakimiesnimikkeistö, Suomen Lakimiesliitto, 2021

Audiosignaalinkäsittelyn sanasto / Vesa Välimäki, 2021

Suomen YK-liitto, 2019

Lexvo - ISO 639-3 language codes

Algeo, John: The Origins and Development of the English Language. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4282-3148-1.

Anhava, Jaakko: Maailman kielet ja kielikunnat, s. 58–59. Gaudeamus, 2005. ISBN 951-662-734-X.

Crystal, David: The Stories of English. Penguin Books

Giegerich, Heinz J.: English phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33603-1.

Leppänen, Sirpa & Nikula, Tarja & Kääntä, Leila (toim.): Kolmas kotimainen. Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 2008. ISBN 978-952-222-029-5.

Lerer, Seth: Inventing English: Portable History of the Language. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-231-13794-2.

McArthur, Tom: Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019-860771-7.

Roach, Peter: English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (9. press). ISBN 0 521 40718 4.

Hakkarainen, Heikki J.: Kielen historian tutkimisesta. Teoksessa Hakkarainen ym. (toim.): Saksan kielestä ja kulttuurista, s. 60–69. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino, 1997.

Hakkarainen, Heikki J. ym. (toim.): Saksan kielestä ja kulttuurista. 2. uudistettu laitos. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino, 1997. ISBN 951-570-380-8.

Tampereen ranskalais-suomalainen opetus

Ethnologue: Russian

Saurio, Päivi, Poimintoja venäjän kielen historiasta (University of Helsinki), Helsinki, 2003

Tilastokeskus: Kieli iän ja sukupuolen mukaan maakunnittain 1990-2011

Principales novedades de la última edición de la Ortografía de la lengua española (2010)

Real Academia Española

México Real Academia Española

Anhava, Jaakko: Maailman kielet ja kielikunnat, s. 71–73. Gaudeamus, 2005. ISBN 951-662-734-X.

Otavan iso tietosanakirja

Language other than English 2005. Australian Bureau of Statistics.

2001 Census Community Profile Series: Melbourne Australian Bureau of Statistics.

2001 Census Community Profile Series: Sydney Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Europeans and their Languages, February 2006, European Comission, 25.1.2007

EngVid

Youtube

inFinnish

Ammon, Ulrich (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-018418-4.

Baugh, Albert C.; Thomas Cable (2002). A History of the English Language(5th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28099-0.

Bragg, Melvyn (2004). The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-710-0.

Crystal, David (1997a). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53032-6.

Crystal, David (1997b). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55967-7.

Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53033-4.

Crystal, David (2004). The Stories of English. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9752-4.

Dunton-Downer, Leslie (2010). The English Is Coming!: How One Language Is Sweeping the World. New York: Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-1-4391-7665-8.

Halliday, MAK (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-340-55782-6.

Hayford, Harrison; Howard P. Vincent (1954). Reader and Writer. Houghton Mifflin Company. "Internet Archive: Free Download: Reader And Writer". Archive.org. 10 March 2001. Retrieved 2 January 2010.

Howatt, Anthony (2004). A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-442185-6.

Kenyon, John Samuel and Knott, Thomas Albert, A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, G & C Merriam Company, Springfield, Mass, USA, 1953.

Lass, Roger (1999). "Phonology and Morphology". In Lass, Roger. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–186.

Mazrui, Alamin (1998). The Power of Babel: Language & Governance in the African Experience. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-85255-807-4.

McArthur, T. (ed.) (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214183-X.

McCrum, Robert; Robert MacNeil; William Cran (1986). The Story of English(1st ed.). New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-80467-3.

Nation, I.S.P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 477. ISBN 0-521-80498-1.

Plotkin, Vulf (2006). The Language System of English. BrownWalker Press.ISBN 1-58112-993-9.

Robinson, Orrin (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives. Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-8047-2221-8.

Schneider, Edgar (2007). Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83140-7.

Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-3559-X.

Wikipedia, English and Finnish

Bergman, Gösta (1984), Kortfattad svensk språkhistoria, Prisma Magnum (in Swedish) (4th ed.), Stockholm: Prisma, ISBN 91-518-1747-0,OCLC 13259382

Bolander, Maria (2002), Funktionell svensk grammatik (in Swedish), Stockholm: Liber, ISBN 91-47-05054-3, OCLC 67138445

Crystal, David (1999), The Penguin dictionary of language (2nd ed.), London:Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-051416-3, OCLC 59441560

Dahl, Östen (2000), Språkets enhet och mångfald (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-01158-X, OCLC 61100963

Dahl, Östen; Edlund, Lars-Erik, eds. (2010), Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i Sverige (in Swedish), Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, ISBN 978-91-87-76057-0

Elert, Claes-Christian (2000), Allmän och svensk fonetik (in Swedish) (8th ed.), Stockholm: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, ISBN 91-1-300939-7

Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1

Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8, OCLC 66026795

Ferlin, Nils (1976), Barfotabarn (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bonnier, ISBN 91-0-024187-3

Garlén, Claes (1988), Svenskans fonologi (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-28151-X, OCLC 67420810

Granberry, Julian (1991), Essential Swedish Grammar, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-26953-1, OCLC 23692877

Hultman, Tor G. (2003), Svenska Akademiens språklära (in Swedish), Stockholm: Norstedts, ISBN 9172273518, OCLC 55849724

International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63751-1,OCLC 40305532

Josephson, Olle (2005), Ju: ifrågasatta självklarheter om svenskan, engelskan och alla andra språk i Sverige (in Swedish) (2nd edition ed.), Stockholm: Nordstedts ordbok, ISBN 91-7227-446-8

Kotsinas, Ulla-Britt (1994), Ungdomsspråk (in Swedish), Uppsala: Hallgren & Fallgren, ISBN 91-7382-718-5, OCLC 60994967

Leinonen, Therese (2011), "Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2)

Opensubtitles

Pettersson, Gertrud (1996), Svenska språket under sjuhundra år: en historia om svenskan och dess utforskande (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur,ISBN 91-44-48221-3, OCLC 36130929

Svenska språknämnden (2000), Svenska skrivregler (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Stockholm: Liber (published 2002), ISBN 91-47-04974-X

Svensson, Lars (1974), Nordisk paleografi: Handbok med transkriberade och kommenterade skriftprov (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-05391-6, OCLC 1303752

Wikimedia Foundation

Fausto Cercignani, The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony, Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.

Michael Clyne, The German Language in a Changing Europe (1995) ISBN 0-521-49970-4

George O. Curme, A Grammar of the German Language (1904, 1922)—the most complete and authoritative work in English

Anthony Fox, The Structure of German (2005) ISBN 0-19-927399-5

W.B. Lockwood, German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide (1987)ISBN 0-19-815850-5

Ruth H. Sanders. German: Biography of a Language (Oxford University Press; 2010) 240 pages. Combines linguistic, anthropological, and historical perspectives in a "biography" of German in terms of six "signal events" over millennia, including the Battle of Kalkriese, which blocked the spread of Latin-based language north.

Wiktionary: English, Finnish, French, German, Swedish, Russian

Nadeau, Jen-Benoît, and Julie Barlow (2006). The Story of French. First U.S. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-34183-0

The SwedishLad

Deutsch für Euch

Imagiers

Butterfly Spanish

Learn Italian with Lucrezia

Wikitravel

Antonia Romaker - English and Russian online

Comrie, Bernard, Gerald Stone, Maria Polinsky (1996). The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-824066-X.

Carleton, T.R. (1991). Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Press.

LanguageTool

Cubberley, P. (2002). Russian: A Linguistic Introduction (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79641-5.

Sussex, Roland; Cubberley, Paul (2006). The Slavic languages.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22315-7.

Timberlake, Alan (2004). A Reference Grammar of Russian. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77292-1.

Timberlake, Alan (1993). "Russian". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. The Slavonic languages. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 827–886. ISBN 0-415-04755-2.

Wade, Terence (2000). Holman, Michael, ed. A Comprehensive Russian Grammar (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-20757-0.

Abercrombie, David (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Cressey, William Whitney (1978). Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View. Georgetown University Press.ISBN 0878400451.

Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11568-7.

Eddington, David (2000). "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language". Language 76 (1): 92–109. doi:10.2307/417394. JSTOR 417394.

Ginsburgh, Victor; Weber, Shlomo (2011). How Many Languages Do We Need?: The Economics of Linguistic Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13689-9.

Harris, James (1967). "Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness". Language 45 (3): 538–52.doi:10.2307/411438. JSTOR 411438.

Jensen, John B. (1989). "On the Mutual Intelligibility of Spanish and Portuguese". Hispania 72 (4): 848–852.

Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). "Castilian Spanish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–59.doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373.

Moreno Fernández, Francisco; Otero, Jaime (2008), Atlas de la lengua española en el mundo, Barcelona: Ariel

Penny, Ralph (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78045-4.

Population by age, both sexes, annual; estimate for 2012 (XLS), UN

Rubino, Carl (2008), "Zamboangueño Chavacano and the Potentive Mode.", in Michaelis, Susanne, Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates., Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 279–299

Microsoft Translator

Wikibooks, English and Finnish

Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). "Italian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628.

M. Vitale, Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 1992, ISBN 88-7916-015-X

S. Morgana, Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2003, ISBN 88-7916-211-X

J. Kinder, CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM, Interlinea, Novara, 2008, ISBN 978-88-8212-637-7